Composition Of Amlodipine Besylate Tablets Biology Essay

Composition Of Amlodipine Besylate Tablets Biology Essay(28) Karalis et al in 2008 dish aerialussed the issues in the conference involved physiological factors affecting medicate absorption, the role of pre-systemic effect on bioavailability (BA), the impact of variability in bioequivalence (BE) studies, and a final closing panel session on unresolved issues in BA/BE regulations. Several important aspects of dose absorption were highlighted. It was presented how the complexity of gastroin shewinal (GI) physiology and the site dep rarityent absorption can impact on drug BA. Similarly, the effects of food and formulation were also studied. The second session foc delectationd on integrating the complexities of GI into modeling the inter- individual(a) variability of absorption and the prediction of first-pass metabolism from in-vitro data. The extremity to measure metabolites, the value of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), and the more than recently proposed Biopharm aceutical Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) were assessed as well. This session closed with presentations of pharmacokinetic softw atomic number 18 delegates. In the second day of the conference, the problem of high intra-subject variability in BE studies was analyze. Study design considerations, the use of multiple-dose studies and the role of statistics in BE were also highlighted. Finally, the certain thinking of regulatory authorities (EMEA and US-FDA) was presented. The conference closed with a last session on unresolved issues in the regulatory level.data-basedTablets are the approximately popular dosage forms of Pharmaceutical product. A typical tablet formulation consists of the Active Pharmaceutical ingredient(s), fillersdisintigrant, lubricant and some other in participating ingredients (e.g. binder, glidant and colors) a formulation scientist must conduct a thorough both to optimize a formulation so that it meets all specification and to ensure safety a nd efficacy. The specification for pharmaceutical tablets usually include appearance, tip, uniformity of contant, diameter, Thickness, friability, decomposition, looseness, Hardness, Assay, Organolaptic character other product specific requirements. These specifications are established to ensure that the tablets will have sufficient mechanical distinctiveness to live on packaging, shipping and handling and are physically and chemically stable to deliver the accurate amount of drug at the desired dis dissolving agent rate when consumed by the patient. Any changes in these characteristics may significantly affect the safety and efficacy of the product.FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE BY DIRECT COMPRESSION ruleDirect condensate is a preferred manufacturing process for pharmaceutical tablets, gibe to survey conducted by Shangraw and Demarest. In this study Amlodipine besylate was directly mean by utilize three diametrical formulation i.e. with several(predic ate) diluent,bibder,filler,disintigrant and lubricant.In this study we were not only study the biowaivers effect of different marketed brands and formulation of Amlodipine Besylate merely also manufactured and developed three different formulation by reducind the cost and increased quality perspects.MATERIAL AND METHODCHEMICALS.COMPOSITION OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATE TABLETS.FORMULATION NO.1S.NO.Material NameQuanty perTablet (mg)Percentage composition (%) measuring for 100 tablets (gm)1Amlodipine Besylate550.52Avecil 10247474.73Starch Pregelitinized47.7547.754.7754Magnesium stearate0.250.250.025Target concretion weight is 100mg containing 5 mg activeFORMULATION NO.2S.NO.Material NameQuanty perTablet (mg)Percentage composition (%)Quantity for 100 tablets (gm)1Amlodipine Besylate550.52Avecil ci47474.73Avecil 10247474.74Magnesium stearate110.1Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg activeFORMULATION NO.3S.NO.Material NameQuanty perTablet (mg)Percentage composition (%)Quantity for 100 tablets (gm)1Amlodipine Besylate550.52Avecil 10249494.93Dicalcium Phosphate Anhydrous44444.44Sodium Starch Glycolate440.45Magnesium stearate110.1Target compression weight is 100mg containing 5 mg activeEQUIPMENTSRotary press ( ZP19)Electronic match (Sartorious TE 214S)Mixer ( polyethylene bag )Sieve 20METHODThree new formulation of Amlodipine Besylate were developed using three directly compressible agents i.e. microcrystalline cellulose (Avecil 101 and 102), starch pregelatinized and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate in nightclub to check the multi purpose excipients. First active and all excipients were weighed accurately using Sartorious TE 214S, The weighed poppycocks were screened through 20 mesh size sieve and then fuse of gunpowders was performed by geometric dilution method in polythene bag. First active was mixed with diluents by tumbling action and then angiotensin-converting enzyme by one other ingredients of formulation were mixed together. All the ingredients we re thoroughly mixed to ensure uniform distribution of all the ingredients throughout the formulation.Flow chart of manufacturing process advisement of active and excipientsSieving y 20 mesh sizeMixing of active and diluentAddition of other ingredientsAddition of lubricant and mixingTabletingPHYSICAL test OF TABLETAmlodipine Besylate tablets were evaluated for their physical and chemical properties by perfor instantg different pharmacopoeial test, i.e by official and unofficial tests including tablets weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution, Thickness, diameter and confine uniformity and results were statistically analyzed and compared with marketed brands of Amlodipine Besylate named as test formulation 1, test formulation 2, test formulation 3TABLET THICKNESS AND DIAMETERThe dimensional specifications of tablets are important for m whatever an(prenominal) reasons. The measurement of the ponderousness and the diameter of a tablet usually accomplish ed by the use of micrometer (Vernier) calipers. The value is initially employed as in process control during production. harmony OF THICKNESSEQUIPMENTSVernier caliperMETHODTablet thickness is determined with a caliper or thickness gauge, which measures the thickness in millimeters. In this study, twenty tablets were taken and their thicknesses were determined using vernier caliper. Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart.LIMITSA plus or minus 5% standard deviation may be allowed, depending on the size of the tablet.Out of twenty tablets only two tablets will be allowed to exceed the limit.UNIFORMITY OF DIAMETER OF TABLETSEQUIPMENTVernier caliperMETHODTwenty tablets were taken and their diameters were determined using vernier caliper. . Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart.LIMITSA deviation of 5% from the stated diameter is allowed except that for diameters exceeding 12.5mm the deviation allowed is 3%.Out of 20 tablets only 2 tablets will be allowed to exceed the limit. crumbliness block outA certain weight of tablets ,are subjected to a well defined level of agitation in a fixed geometry,closed container for a specific duration.They are then again reweighted.The measure of abrasion resistance or FRIABILITYis usually expressed as a percentage loss in weight.EQUIPMENTElectronic parallelism (Sartorious TE 214S)Friabilator (Erweka Germany)METHODPreweight samples of 20tablets were taken and subjected to the combined effect of shock abrasion by utilizing the plastic chamber which revolved at 25rpm for 4minutes, droped the tablet at a distance of 6 inches with each revolution. Then the tablets were removed, dedusted and reweighed.LIMITSValues of friability of 0.8 to 1.0% are frequently quoted as the upper level of acceptability for pharmaceutical product. Generally the test is run once. If the results are doubtful for if weight loss is greater than 1% replicates the test twice and determines the mean of t he three tests. A maximum weight of 1% of the weight of the tablets to be tested is considered to be acceptable for most products.HARDNESS TESTThis test is intended to determined at a lower place defined conditions,the resistance to inhibition of tablets,measured by the drived needed to disturp them by crushing setup.Probably the most widely used technique is testing of crushing strength presisly defined as that compressional force which,when applied diametrically to a tablet,just fractures it.EQUIPMENTHardness tester (Pharma test)METHODTwenty tablets of every sample of brands and test formulation were taken and their hardness was determined using Pharma test hardness tester. In this type of tester load is applied at a constant rate by an electric motor. Results were statistically analyzed using three sigma control chart.LIMITSHardness will be measured in kg.Out of twenty tablets only two tablets are allowed to exceed the limit.DISINTIGRATION TEST FOR TABLETSDisintegration Test determines whether tablets or capsules crumble within the prescribed time when placed in the liquid medium in the experimental condition prescribed. For compressed uncoated tablets the testing fluid is usually water at 37 C, but in some cases monographs direct that simulated gastric fluid TS be used.This test is provided to determine whether tablets or capsules disintegrate within the prescribed time when placed in a liquid medium under the experimental conditions presented below.For the purposes of this test, disintegration does not imply complete dissolution of the unit or even of its active constituent. Complete disintegration is defined as thatState in which any residue of the unit, except fragments of insoluble coating or capsule shell, remaining on the screen of the test apparatus or adhering to the lower surface of the discs, if used, is a soft mass having no palpably firm core.Use apparatus A for tablets and capsules that are not greater than 18 mm long. For larger tablets or capsules use apparatus B.APPARATUSThe apparatus consists of a field goalful-rack group, a 1 liter, low-form beaker, 149 11 mm in height and having an in spite of appearance diameter of 106 9 mm for the immersion fluid, a thermostatic arrangement for heating the fluid between 35 C and 39 C, and a device for raising and lowering the wicket in the immersion fluid at a constant frequency rate between 29 and 32 cycles per minute, through a distance of 55 2 mm. The people of the fluid in the vessel is such that at the highest point of the upward stroke the wire mesh clay at to the lowest degree 15 mm below the surface of the fluid, and descends to not less than 25 mm from the bottom of the vessel on the downward stroke. At no time should the top of the basket-rack assembly become submerged. The time required for the upward stroke is equal to the time required for the downward stroke, and the change in stroke counsel is a smooth transition, rather than an abrupt reversal of motion. The basket-rack assembly moves vertically along its axis. There is no appreciable horizontal motion or sweat of the axis from the vertical.BASKET-RACK ASSEMBLYThe basket-rack assembly consists of 6 open-ended transparent tubes, each 77.5 2.5 mm long and having an inside diameter of 21.85 1.15 mm and a wall 1.9 0.9 mm thick the tubes are held in a vertical position by 2 plates, each 90 2 mm in diameter and 6.75 1.75 mm in thickness, with 6 holes, each 24 2 mm in diameter, equidistant from the centre of the plate and equally spaced from one another. Attached to the under surface of the lower plate is a woven stainless steel wire cloth, which has a plain square weave with 2.0 0.2 mm mesh apertures and with a wire diameter of 0.615 0.045 mm. The parts of the apparatus are assembled and rigidly held by bureau of 3 bolts passing through the 2 plates. A suitable means is provided to suspend the basket-rack assembly from the raising and lowering device using a point on it s axis. The design of the basket-rack assembly may be varied slenderly provided the specifications for the glass tubes and the screen mesh size are maintained. The basket-rack assembly conforms to the dimensions.DISCS The use of discs is permitted only where specify or allowed. Each tube is provided with a cylindrical disc 9.5 0.15 mm thick and 20.7 0.15 mm in diameter. The disc is made of a suitable, transparent plastic material having a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20. 5 correspond 2 0.1 mm holes extend between the ends of the cylinder. One of the holes is centered on the cylindrical axis. The other holes are centered 6 0.2 mm from the axis on imaginary lines perpendicular to the axis and parallel to each other. 4 identical trapezoid boneal-shaped planes are cut into the wall of the cylinder, nearly perpendicular to the ends of the cylinder. The trapezoidal shape is harmonious its parallel sides coincide with the ends of the cylinder and are parallel to an imaginary line c onnecting the centres of 2 adjacent holes 6 mm from the cylindrical axis. The parallel side of the trapezoid on the bottom of the cylinder has a length of 1.6 0.1 mm and its bottom edges lie at a depth of 1.6 0.1 mm from the cylinders circumference. The parallel side of the trapezoid on the top of the cylinder has a length of 9.4 0.2 mm and its centre lies at a depth of 2.6 0.1 mm from the cylinders circumference. All surfaces of the disc are smooth.If the use of discs is specified, add a disc to each tube and operate the apparatus as directed under Procedure. The discs conform to the dimensions. The use of automatic detection employing circumscribed discs is permitted where the use of discs is specified or allowed. Such discs must comply with the requirements of density and dimension.PROCEDUREPlace 1 dosage unit in each of the 6 tubes of the basket and, if prescribed, add a disc. Operate the apparatus using the specified medium, maintained at 37 2 C, as the immersion fluid. A t the end of the specified time, lift the basket from the fluid and observe the dosage units all of the dosage units have disintegrated completely. If 1 or 2 dosage units fail to disintegrate, repeat the test on 12 additional dosage units. The requirements of the test are met if not less than 16 of the 18 dosage units tested have disintegrated.EQUIPMENTDisintegrating weapon (Pharma Test)METHODTest 6 tablets or capsules either by using 2 basket-rack assemblies in parallel or by repeating the procedure. In each of the 3 tubes, place 1 tablet or capsule and, if prescribed, add a disc suspend the assembly in the beaker containing the specified liquid. Operate the apparatus for the prescribed period, withdraw the assembly and examine the state of the tablets or capsules. To pass the test, all 6 of the tablets or capsules must have disintegrated.LIMITSAll tablets must disintegrate completely, if one or two tablets fails to disintegrate, the test is to be repeated using 12 tablets. Out of the 18 tablets then tested,16 must have disintegrated within the abandoned period of time .The condition of the test are varied somewhat for coated tablets,buccal tablets and sublingual tablets. Disintegration time are included in the individual tablet monograph. For most uncoated tablets the period is less than 15 minutes although the time for some uncoated tablets varied greatly from this.WEIGHT VARIATION or so pharmacopoeias include a simple weight test on a specified number of tablet(N) which are weight individually and the arithmetic mean weight calculated.Limitations on the number of test tablets that may lie outside certain limits are than specified.However,in the USP the results of the assay are used to convert these weights into active ingredients content.EQUIPMENTSElectronic respite (Sartorious TE 214S)METHODTwenty tablets of every samples were taken randomly and eight individually, and then average weight was determined.LIMITSAccording to USP not more than two of the t ablets must not differ by more than the percentage listed below, no tablet differs by more than double that percentage. Tablets that are coated are exempt from these requirements but most conform to the test for content uniformity if it is applicable. The USP has provided tolerance for the average weight of uncoated compressed tablets. These are applicable when the tablets contain 50mg or more of the drug substances or when the matter comprises 50% or more, by weight, of the dosage form.Average Weight%age Difference130mg or less10130mg to 324 mg7.5More than 324mg5ASSAYAMLODIPINE BESYLATEREAGENTS0.1N Sodium Hydroxide in MethanolDimethyl formamide (DMF)STANDARD SOLUTION50mcg/ml of Amlodipine Besylate in DMF.SAMPLESOLUTIONExtract appropriate quantity of pulverise sample with DMF to get concentration of 50mcg/ml.PROEDURETo 2ml each of sample and standard solution, add 0.2ml of Sodium hydroxide solution and dilute to 10ml with DMF and measure the absorption of orange chromatogen at 450n m against reagent blank. Calculate the table of contents of amlodipine by comparison.(237)AMLODIPINE BESYLATEThe tablets comply with the requirment stated under tablet and with the following requirment.CONTENT OF AMLODIPINE BESYLATEC20H25ClN2O5,C6H6O3S 97.0% to 102.0% (Anhydrous substance)CHEMICALSSodium hydroxide pelletsMethanolN-N Dimethyl FormamideEQUIPMENT AND GLASS WARESElectronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S)UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Double beam Shimadzu 1650PC )Volumetric Flask (100ml,Pyrex England)Volumetric Flask (10ml,Pyrex England)Pipettes (10ml Pyrex England)Pipettes (2ml Pyrex England)Conical Flasks (Pyrex England)Beaker (Pyrex England)Filter write up (Whatman 42)METHODWeigh and powder 20tablets of amlodipine Besylate 5mg (DC). Take quantity of the powder containing 5mg of amlodipine Besylate (average weight) in a 100ml volumetric flask and add N-N Dimethyl Formamide into it and mix thoroughly with the help of magnetic stirrer and then make up the volume up to 100ml.The n take 2ml from first dilution into a 10ml volumetric flask, add 0.2l of 0.1N Sodium hydroxide solution in 10ml volumetric flask then make up volume with N-N Dimethyl Formamide.Then take the absorbance at 450nm on spectrophotometer and calculate the content of amlodipine Besylate.CALCULATION(AMLODIPINE BESYLATE mgtablet)% ASSAY = Abs of sp X__ 100Abs of STDUNIFORMITY OF CONTENTThe test for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations is based on the assay of the individual contents of active substance(s) of a number of single-dose units to determine whether the individual contents are within limits set with reference to the average content of the sample. Tablets containing highly potent medicaments present in milligram or microgram does may be subject to a large inter tablet variation. This may be due to failure to achieve a homogenous mix of active ingredient and exciient during manufacture.The test is not required for multivitamin and trace-element preparations and in other j ustified and authorized circumstances.Method Using a suitable analytical method determines the individual contents of active substance(s) of 10 dosage units taken at random.Apply the criteria of test A, test B or test C as specified in the monograph for the dosage form in question.Test ATablets, powders for parenteral use, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for shootingTest BCapsules, powders other than for parenteral use, granules, suppositories, pessaries Test CTransdermal patchesTest ATablets, powders for parenteral use, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for injection The preparation complies with the test if each individual content is between 85 per cent and 115 per cent of the average content. The preparation fails to comply with the test if more than one individual content is outside these limits or if one individual content is outside the limits of 75 percent to 125 percent of the average content.If one individual content is outside the limits of 85 percent to 115 percent but wit hin the limits of 75 percent to 125 percent, determine the individual contents of another 20 dosage units taken at random. The preparation complies with the test if not more than one of the individual contents of the 30 units is outside 85 percent to 115 percent of the average content and none is outside the limits of 75 percent to 125 per cent of the average content.CONTENT UNIFORMITYC.U = Abs of essay X wt of std X 100 X 100Abs of STD X 100 X LC* LC =Label claimDISSOLUTIONThis test is provided to determine compliance with the dissolution requirements for solid dosage forms administered orally.Apparatus 1 (Basket apparatus) the assembly consists of the following a vessel, which may be covered, made of glass or other inert, transparent material a motor a drive shaft and a cylindrical basket (stirring element). The vessel is partially immersed in a suitable water-bath of any commodious size or heated by a suitable device such as a heating jacket. The water-bath or heating device per mits maintaining the temperature inside the vessel at 37 0.5 C during the test and keeping the dissolution medium in constant, smooth motion. No part of the assembly, including the environment in which the assembly is placed, contributes significant motion, agitation, or vibration beyond that due to the smoothly rotating stirring element. Apparatus that permits observation of the preparation and stirring element during the test is preferable. The vessel is cylindrical, with a hemispherical bottom and a capacity of 1 litre. Its height is 160-210 mm and its inside diameter is 98-106 mm. Its sides are flanged at the top. A fitted cover may be used to retard evaporation.2 The shaft is positioned so that its axis is not more than 2 mm at any point from the vertical axis of the vessel and rotates smoothly and without significant careen that could affect the results. A speed-regulating device is used that allows the shaft rotation speed to be selected and maintained at a specified rate, within 4 per cent.Shaft and basket components of the stirring element are fabricated of stainless steel, type 316 or equivalent, to the specifications shown in Figure 2.9.3.-1.A basket having a gold coating of about 2.5 m (0.0001 inch) thick may be used. The dosage unit is placed in a dry basket at the beginning of each test. The distance between the inside bottom of the vessel and the bottom of the basket is maintained at 25 2 mm during the test.Apparatus 2 (Paddle apparatus) Use the assembly from Apparatus 1, except that a paddle formed from a blade and a shaft is used as the stirring element. The shaft is positioned so that its axis is not more than 2 mm from the vertical axis of the vessel, at any point, and rotates smoothly without significant wobble that could affect the results. The vertical center line of the blade passes through the axis of the shaft so that the bottom of the blade is flush with the bottom of the shaft. The paddle conforms to the specifications shown in F igure 2.9.3.-2. The distance of 25 2 mm between the bottom of the blade and the inside bottom of the vessel is maintained during the test. The metallic or fitly inert, rigid blade and shaft comprise a single entity. A suitable two-part detachable design may be used provided the assembly remains firmly engaged during the test. The paddle blade and shaft may be coated with a suitable coating so as to make them inert. The dosage unit is allowed to sink to the bottom of the vessel before rotation of the blade is started. A small, loose piece of non-reactive material, such as not more than a few turns of wire helix, may be attached to dosage units that would otherwise float. An alternative halo device is shown in Figure 2.9.3.-3. Other validated sinker devices may be used.DISSOLUTION MEDIUM1.2 pH caramel DISSOLUTION MEDIAREAGENTS USEDHtdrochloric Acid (Merck grade)Distilled and deionized waterPREPARATION0.1N HCl was used as 1.2pH buffer media.4.5 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIAREAGENTS US EDPotassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (Merck,Germany)Distilled and deionized waterPREPARATION6.8gm of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate in1000ml DI water and adjust pH with Phosphoric acid.6.8 pH BUFFER DISSOLUTION MEDIAREAGENTS USED0.2M Potassium Dihydrogen hosphate0.1M Sodium hydroxideDistilled and deionized waterPREPARATION0.2M KH2PO4 13.61gm of Potassium Dihydrogen hosphate in 500ml DI water.0.1MNaOH 4gm in 500ml DI water.6.8pH Buffer 250ml of 0.2M KH2PO4 and 112ml of 0.1MNaOH to make 1000ml with DI water.CALCULATION% age drug release = Abs of sp X100Abs of STDSAMPLING SCHEDULESample were drawn at 5min thenAfter 10minAfter 15minAfter 20minAfter 30minAfter 45minAfter 60minAfter 120minEXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONSUsual experimental conditions are e.g.Apparatus paddle/basketVolume of dissolution medium 900 mlTemperature of the dissolution medium 37 C1CAgitation paddle apparatus usually 50 rpm, basket apparatus usually 100 rpmSampling schedule e.g.5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, and 120 minBuffer pH 1.2 (0.1 N HCl or SGF without enzymes), pH 4.5, and pH 6.8 (or SIF withoutenzymes) (pH should be ensured throughout the experiment Ph.Eur. buffers recommended)CHEMICALSBuffer 1.2 pH (0.1N HCl)Buffer 4.5 pHBuffer 6.8 pHEQUIPMENT AND GLASS WARESDissolution paddle apparatusDistillation plantElectronic Balance (Sartorious TE 214S)UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Double beam Shimadzu 1650PC )Volumetric Flask (100ml,Pyrex England)Pipettes (10ml Pyrex England)Pipettes graduated(2ml Pyrex England)Conical Flasks (Pyrex England)Beaker (Pyrex England)Filter paper (Whatman 42)PREPARATION OF STANDERDAccurately weight the standard and poured it into 100ml volumetric flask.The volume was made with the respective buffer and mixed,the stock solution was obtained.Then pippet out 1.1ml from the stock solution into another volumetric flask again made the volume with the respective buffer solution .Mixed it properly by shaking that was the first dilution and the required strength of standard was achieved to a nalyse.PREPARATION OF SAMPLEPlaced the tablets of each brand into the vessel of paddle dissolutionhaving 900ml of resoective dissolution media.Switch on the apparatus and collect the sample according to the respective sampling interval that is 5min, 10min, 15min, 20min, 30min, 45min, 60min, and 120min.Every time the withdrawn media was replaced by the freh media.